" Kartini " Indonesian National Heroine

 

Adjeng Raden Kartini, was a prominent Javanese and an Indonesian National Heroine. He was born in Jepara, Central Java, 21 April 1879. Kartini was a pioneer in the area of ​​women's rights for Indonesians. Kartini was born into an aristocratic Javanese family when Java was part of the Dutch colony of the Dutch East Indies. Kartini's father, Sosroningrat, Became Chief of Jepara Regency. Kartini's father, was originally the district chief of Mayong. Kartini's family allowed her to attend school until she was 12 years old. Here, Among other subjects, she learn to speak Dutch, an unusual accomplishment for Javanese women at the time. Books, newspapers and European magazines fed Kartini's interest in European feminist thinking, and fostered the desire to improve the conditions of indigenous Indonesian women, who at that time had a very low social status.

Kartini's Father

Kartini's parents arranged her marriage to Joyodiningrat, the Regency Chief of Apex, who already had three wives. Kartini's only son was born on 13 September 1904. A few days later on 17 September 1904, Kartini Died at the age of 25. Inspired by R.A. Kartini's example, the Van Deventer family established the RA The which Kartini Foundation built schools for women, 'Kartini's Schools' in Semarang in 1912, Followed by other women's schools in Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Malang, Madison, Cirebon and other areas. 

Kartini's Schools' in Semarang in 1912

  

Commemoration of Kartini Day in 1953

Commemoration of Kartini Day in 1953

In 1964, President Sukarno declared R.A. Kartini's birth date, 21 April, as 'Kartini Day' - an Indonesian national holiday. It has been proposed That should be Kartini's Day Celebrated in conjunction with Indonesian Mothers Day, on 22 December so That the choice of RA Kartini as a national heroine would not overshadow other women who, unlike RA Kartini, took up arms to oppose the colonizers. After Kartini died, Mr. J.H. Abendanon collect and record the letters that Kartini had sent to his friends in Europe. The book is titled B tot Licht literally "From Darkness Towards Light '. Kartini's book was a collection of letters published in 1911. This book was printed five times, and at last there are additional prints letters Kartini. Armijn divided the book into five chapters the discussion to indicate a change in thinking all the time Kartini correspondence. Kartini's letters in the English language has also been translated by Agnes L. Symmers. In addition, Kartini's letters also been translated into Javanese and Sundanese.

Publication of Kartini's letters, a native woman, very interesting Dutch society, and Kartini thoughts start to change society's view of women native Dutch in Java. Kartini ideas contained in his letters was also the inspiration for the characters of Indonesia's national awakening, among others, WR Soepratman who created a song called Mother We Kartini. Kartini's letters written his thoughts about the social conditions at the time, especially about the conditions of indigenous women. Kartini wrote ideas and ideals, as it is written: Zelf-ontwikkeling and Zelf-onderricht, Zelf-vertrouwen and Zelf-werkzaamheid Solidariteit well.  Kartini's letters also contain hopes to get help from the outside. Other critical views expressed in his letters Kartini is a critique of religion. For Kartini, complete Javanese woman whose world is suffering only a wall of the house.

Kartini and Her Husband

Kartini's letters reveal much about the constraints that must be faced as women aspire to be more advanced Java. Kartini loved her father, but it was love for his father was also in the end become  ajor obstacles in realizing their dreams. The father was also expressed in the letter so loved the Kartini. He stated finally allowed Kartini to study to become a teacher in Batavia, although previously not allowed Kartini to study to Holland or to enter medical school in Batavia. Kartini's desire to continue his studies, especially to Europe, was revealed in his letters. Some friends of his pen and tried to realize the desire to support the Kartini. When finally Kartini cancel almost realized the desire, expressed the disappointment of the friends of his pen.  In a letter to Mrs Abendanon, Kartini had no intention of revealing again because he was getting married.  Just before the wedding, there is a change in judgment about the custom Java Kartini. Armijn Pane, a literary pioneer New Poet, translator listed as one of Kartini's letters to the Light After Dark. 

Light After Dark book

 

Light After Dark

In 1938, Light After Dark book was published again in a different format with the books of translations from the Door Duisternis Tot Licht. Armijn Pane presents Kartini's letters in a format different from previous books. In the new version of the book, Armijn Pane also shrink the number of Kartini's letters. Kartini there are only 87 letters in "Light After Dark". The cause is not publishing the entire letter is in reference books Duisternis Door Tot Licht, is there are similarities in some of the letters. According Armijn Pane, Kartini's letters can be read as a romance of women's lives. Kartini's letters, reflections on, and for his Nation.  Kartini's letters also translated by Sulastin Sutrisno. One of the lecturers at Leiden ask Sulastin to translate a book of letters that Kartini. Then, in 1979, a book of translations Sulastin Sutrisno full version Duisternis Tot Licht Door was published.

A book of collected letters Sutrisno Sulastin version published under the title The letters Kartini, reflections on and for his Nation. According Sulastin, the title should be according to the Dutch translation is: "The letters Kartini, Reflections on the Nation and for Java."  Translated books instead want to present a complete Sulastin Kartini's letters are in the Door Duisternis Tot Licht. In addition to letters published in Kartini, reflections on and for his Nation, Sutrisno Sulastin translation is also used in the book Kartini, Letters to Mrs RM-Mandri Abendanon and her husband.

Letters from Kartini, An Indonesian Feminist 1900-1904

Another book which contains the translation of the letters is Letters from Kartini Kartini, An Indonesian Feminist 1900-1904. Joost Coté also translated the entire original letter to Mrs. Kartini - Mandri Abendanon recent findings. According to Joost Coté, the whole struggle Kartini and deterrence to him it was time to uncover. Letters from Kartini's book, An Indonesian Feminist 1900-1904 contains 108 Kartini's letters to Mrs. Rosa Manuela and her husband Abendanon-Mandri JH Abendanon. 

Just Call Me Kartini Pramoedya Ananta Tur

Just Call Me Kartini

In addition to a collection of letters, reading is more focused on thinking Kartini also published. One of them is a masterpiece Just Call Me Kartini Pramoedya Ananta Tur. Just Call Me Kartini book look is the result of data collection from various sources by Pramoedya.

 

Kartini's letters to Mrs RM-Mandri Abendanon and her husband
 

Late in 1987, gave an overview of new Sutrisno Sulastin about Kartini. Kartini through the book Letters to Mrs RM-Mandri Abendanon and her husband. Previous image was formed more than a collection of letters written to Abendanon, published in the Door Duisternis Tot Licht. Kartini was presented as a highly advanced fighter emancipation in the way of thinking than the Javanese women at the time. In a letter dated October 27, 1902, cited that Kartini wrote to Mrs. Abendanon that he has begun abstinence from meat, even from a few years before the letter, which indicates that Kartini was a vegetarian. In that collection, Kartini's letters are always cut the beginning and end. In fact, part of the show affection for Kartini Abendanon.

Kartini's letters to Stella Zeehandelaar 1899-1903

A book of letters to Stella Zeehandelaar the period 1899-1903 was published to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death. The contents show the other face of Kartini. Collection of Kartini's letters were collected Dr Joost Coté, translated under the title I Want ... Feminism and Nationalism. Kartini's letters to Stella Zeehandelaar 1899-1903.     "I Want ..." is the motto of Kartini. Kartini talked about many things: social, cultural, religious, and even corruption.